myths and philosophy

Some philosophers assert that, antithetically to moderns, primitives think ‘mythopoeically’, which means concretely, uncritically, and emotionally. Once again I come back to Hegel’s principle that the true is the whole, the principle that we also find in Vico who says that the whole is really the flower of wisdom. Tõnu Viik: You have said that the following authors form your “secular gospel” – Cassirer, Hegel, Vico, and Joyce. Similarly, the non-analytical elements thathave snuck through philosophy’s historical back-door have wreaked much more havoc for philosophythan the staunchest direct challenges of its external, unabashedly practical or religious oppo… This conception of truth excludes from knowledge all that the ancient rhetoricians would call probable as opposed to logically certain or self-evident. DV: Yes, philosophy is born as a way of understanding the world that is different from myth. DV: Important for me, of course, are many thinkers in all periods of the history of philosophy and literature, not just these four. "Why do we read Plato's Republic?" I think that the sense of method that stems from Descartes fits very well with modern professional philosophy, which proceeds by working on problems. In Presocratics Reader, philosophy is the inquiry through abstract reasoning. In that way philosophy will continue. As the author demonstrates, an understanding of one may be necessary for our understanding of the other. It was when the purely logical view of language of analytic philosophy was becoming dominant in America. It is a kind of natural pedagogical process for which no fully rational justification can be given. It was and is usually used to explain the origin of events. The paradox is well known. The functionary only works at things, he doesn’t attempt to speculate on the larger meaning of things. Perhaps contemporary philosophers, whom Hegel would describe as literal-minded, should give attention to the Spanish philosopher Unamuno’s book The Tragic Sense of Life, or at least just to the idea of its title. Some philosophers assert that, antithetically to moderns, primitives think ‘mythopoeically’, which means concretely, uncritically, and emotionally. The most important thing about that mythic context, however, is not always that it exerts a dogmatic authority, but that it is historical. And philosophy, once born, and developed away from myth, must always return to a contact with it. Philosophy and the Return to Self-knowledge. Eurozine, The new Eurozine anthology on 1989 and the thirty years since. For the most part it is found in the revival of classical philosophy by the Italian humanists in the Renaissance and in Vico. A number of conclusions are drawn which go beyond the historical treatment, however, and which speak to the general question of truth by defending the intelligibility of myth against an exclusively rational or objective view of the world. Since myth does not argue, but philosophy does, a rule of thumb for religion is that it mixes in philosophic elements but always retains an authoritative link to a mythic context. Myths are the first form of human knowledge. In the ancient time it was largely believed that with the limitation of science, the purpose of a myth was to give the society with a truth for the people to interpret. DV: Yes, without a self-narrative one doesn’t, in a sense, really exist. Subscribe to know what’s worth thinking about. How does a tragedy, which is comedy on each stage of it, account for speech of the whole? I don’t mean to turn philosophy back into a kind of existentialism, but I want contemporary philosophy to take seriously that there is a human condition, and that philosophy should take it as a duty to attempt to grasp the nature of the human condition. Book description. To have a life story is part of having a life, that is, a human life. In that sense everything in the world exists in a theatre of memory. He would also put aside the truths expressed in metaphor and poetry, as well as the great truths as expressed in myths that lie at the beginning of human culture. As the consciousness attempts to demonstrate its truth, its world falls apart. Myth and Philosophy in Plato's Phaedrus. This book is an interpretive study of the historical relationship between myth and philosophy in ancient Greece from Homer to Aristotle. Myth vs. Myth and mythical meaning, he argues, are legitimate approaches to understanding the world. DV: I am reminded of the view to be found in German nineteenth century philosophy; perhaps it is attributable to Lessing. This is particularly true in the realm of politics. They are a personal canon, which was suggested to me by Vico’s four authors that he describes in his Autobiography. Philosophy has crystallized a reductively imperialistic notion of truth grounded in relatively narrow scientific and rational paradigms. It is in that sense a comedic activity. Myth and Philosophy is more than an interpretive study, inspired by Nietzsche and Heidegger, of the historical relationship between myth and philosophy in ancient Greece. To merely have a life without a story of it would be to have an animal life, which consists in representing a species. There is a Platonic notion of the “friends of the forms,” and friendship such as this may be all that a philosopher in the contemporary world can hope for. For questions on access or troubleshooting, please check our FAQs, and if you can't find the answer there, please contact us. Please subscribe or login to access full text content. Academic philosophers have somehow avoided being involved in any comedy or tragedy. Original in English, Contributed by Vikerkaar ‘Myth and philosophy’ examines the many positions held on the relationship between myth and philosophy. The bridge to Aristotle’s God was needed for ancient Greeks since his God was a pure actuality whose powers mimicked its nature from the human mind (Undusk, 2009). Usually they are thought to be keeping philosophy alive. His work contains an account of all the institutions of human culture, what he calls the great city of the human race. Finally, Joseph Campbell’s work has had a special impact on the worlds of film and literature. We readers watch each form of consciousness committing this blunder as we watch a character in a comedy. Find more similar flip PDFs like Ancient Myth, Religion, and Philosophy. TV: You claim in your book on Vico that he creates a philosophical method that is unique in modern philosophy, and that he offers an alternative to the type of philosophy which takes its origins from Descartes. Listen and subscribe wherever you get your Everything in the human world has a past. Thus on the individual level the study of philosophy can help one make a life in the midst of conditions that are not ideal. If you appreciate our work, help keep Eurozine free and independent by supporting us with a monthly or single donation. Most cultures have their own creation myth. It is often maintained that Hegel, carrying on in the spirit of Leibniz, was the ultimate optimist or a sort of German Candide, believing that everything that exists is good. The church doesn’t need to teach parishioners about science; its job is to focus on the spiritual and … myths about philosophy Philosophy is very different from other subjects that are offered at high school or college. Want to hear a human voice? It excludes much. It is possible to think great thoughts that transcend in their truth the conditions of their origin. Hatab's work is more than an interpretative study, inspired by Neitzsche and Heidegger of the historical relationship between myth and philosophy in ancient Greece. He said: “I use his cycles as a trellis” referring to Vico’s notion of history proceeding by and . Descartes said that he stepped on the stage of the world like a comedian. It critically takes e Recollection, however, involves putting what is remembered into a particular order so that one thing is understood to follow from the other. DV: I think that there is always the tendency in contemporary philosophy to become professional. TV: Are you claiming against Lyotard that philosophy actually needs a grand narrative in order to understand itself, and that insofar as philosophy is a self-reflective activity, it cannot abandon the story about itself? All rights reserved. Forms of human knowledge never exist sui generis. in Ancient Philosophy, Conclusion: The future of the study of myth, Myth: A Very Short Introduction (1st edn), https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780192803474.003.0003. The story of philosophy's relationship with myth is that of its relationship with literary and social convention. Its conclusions go beyond the historical case study and amount to a defense of the intelligibility of myth against an exclusively 'rational' or 'objective' view of the world. The idea that philosophy has corrected the ignorance of the past is unwarranted; furthermore philosophy continues to exhibit elements of the mythic world from which it emerged. This is the thesis of Cassirer’s philosophy of symbolic forms. More correctly, I would describe Hegel’s philosophy as a tragicomedy. This requires more than what we find in deconstructionism, or structuralism, or hermeneutics, or any of the particular movements that give up on connecting philosophy with the real vision of things. DV: My frank answer to that question is that my pessimism is whole and complete. Mythology tries to answer the fundamental aspects of tradition and beliefs. Plato’s dialogues, especially the ones produced later in the philosopher’s life, are filled with as much myth as they are with claims of truth backed by concrete logic. They are different perceptions of the world: the coming of rain after a drought is ascribed not to atmospheric changes but to, say, the defeat of a rival god by the rain god, as described in myth. Perhaps we viewphilosophy as an elevated form of discourse … But myths are the original way that human beings form their world. Although philosophy may seem far removed from mythological stories, closer examination reveals that Plato and others realized that philosophic accounts too were "stories" about reality. Hatab offers a general analysis of myth and a specific analysis of Greek myth. This myth is usually traced back to Hegel’s claim in the preface to the Philosophy of Right and in the Introduction to the Encyclopedia that the rational is the actual and the actual the rational. I came to Joyce in fact through Vico. Why is that? Certainly in some sense all philosophies, or at least speculative philosophies, are examples of self-knowledge. Philosophy’s quest for truth and mythology’s dedication to storytelling have been intertwined for as long as either has existed. Vico is traditionally regarded as the founder of philosophy of history, and this involves the conception of the origin of culture. Access to the complete content on Very Short Introductions online requires a subscription or purchase. And philosophy, once born, and developed away from myth, must always return to a contact with it. I think all the true philosophy is such. The terms “mythos” and “logos” are used to describe the transition in ancient Greek thought from the stories of gods, goddesses, and heroes (mythos) to the gradual development of rational philosophy and logic (logos). This book explores the complex relationship between myth and philosophy in writings by Greek intellectuals between the late-sixth and mid-fourth centuries BC. We learn to accept the oppositions and differences that exist in the whole as real. 'Myths and Mythologies' brings together the key classic and contemporary writings - philosophical, psychological, sociological, semiological and cognitivist - on myth. The former is represented by the earliest Greek thinkers, such as Hesiod and Homer; the latter is represented by later thinkers called the “pre-Socratic philosophers” and then … TV: Do you have any hopes for improvement? In it I encountered the principle that the true is the whole – a principle to which I still hold. Chapter 11 - Natural Law: a Study of Myth in a World without Foundations 317. I came to the importance of Hegel in my first year of doctoral study by reading the Phänomenologie des Geistes. We Often Condemn Myth as a Pack of Lies. Philosophy is the study and reflection of issues related to human existence. Some philosophers translate myth into existentialist terms in order to make its meaning palatable to moderns. However, moles plantedby enemy nations can pose far more elusive and insidious problems for a country than the most testeddirect strategies of its most formidable opponents abroad. ‘Myth and philosophy’ examines the many positions held on the relationship between myth and philosophy. Laurie L. Patton 8. Bottici shows that in order to come to terms with contemporary phenomena, such as the clash between civilizations, we need a Copernican revolution in political philosophy. However, if you enjoy exploring different, peculiar, and alluring theories, myths and stories that tangle your mind with the threads of mystery and paradox, then you have to give this type of lecture a shot! It has roots in the Greeks and the Romans. Philosophical and mythopoeic ways of thinking are more than different conceptions of the world. Myth, Inference, and the Relativism of Reason: An Argument from the History of … Download Ancient Myth, Religion, and Philosophy PDF for free. It also goes forward in thinkers like Montaigne and Rousseau, and is to be found in Hegel and in the philosophy of culture of Cassirer. Joyce attempts to attain original connections between words of different languages and to find by this means the basis of human experience. When we fail to have the courage to attempt a speech about the whole of things, then we remain fragmented. This is the correct chronological order. Each form of consciousness in Hegel’s work is foolish, for it takes the partial view of the whole as the whole itself. Works such as The Lord of the Rings or film sagas such as Star Wars follow the structure of the hero’s story (or the monomyth) almost step by step.. Descartes would have us put aside or consider as second rate our recollections of the past, on which history depends, as well as the autobiographical grasp of our own individual reality. DV: The distinction between analytic and continental arose several decades ago in professional philosophy when Anglo-American philosophers of language were forced to acknowledge that there were other genuine movements of philosophical thought developing on the European continent, such as phenomenology and, later, hermeneutics. 2021. In what way is memory cultural? I think there is no special system or method for its transmission other than to hold the belief that when philosophy is being done those who come in contact with it will respond to it. Cassirer begins his An Essay on Man with the assertion that self-knowledge is the aim of philosophy. I think all philosophy can expect is the freedom to speak its mind, and when philosophy is being done there are those students who can hear it and will be attracted to it. This occurred under many conceptions of human education, under many forms of educational practice. How do their methods actually differ? I came to Joyce as my fourth author only during recent years. Myths "Mythos" was the narrative story used by the Greeks at that time to explain the world around them. The myth arose as narratives of ancient Greek peoples to explain phenomena of nature that they could not comprehend. The technological society is a culture of problem-solving. And later on, at 156c4, Socratescalls a muthos the teaching accor… We are using cookies to help us give you a better experience. DV: All true philosophy struggles, as did Hegel, with how to speak about the opposites of experience. When we attain absolute knowing we fall from a high place to accept things as they are. Myth, Philosophy, and Poetics 7. TV: What about philosophy in educational institutions? Conclusions 335. What is the difference between myth and philosophy? Thus any such philosophy must have within it the play of comedy in relationship to tragedy. I think that is what Hegel meant in one of his early fragments when he spoke about the need for a “mythology of reason.” In all philosophies of any lasting power we find what we might call a philosophical imaginary joined to and tempered by a philosophical rationality. Perhaps this is all that has ever kept philosophy alive. DV: Lyotard is the coiner of the word “postmodernism,” and, in a sense, of its idea. If we look to the fact that modern society is technological society, I think we might find the answer to why philosophy becomes analytical and hermeneutical. I don’t see that philosophy can effect changes in the course of technological society. Memory involves the recall what was at one time in perception, something which is past and is brought back into the present. TV: Philosophy in this sense seems to be totally absent in the philosophy departments of our time. Such a gospel or tetrad is a locus from which to think and make connections with the wider canon of thinkers and works. Philosophy tries to answer the fundamental nature of knowledge and reality. For them, myth is a philosophical tale, and myth for them is philosophy. But the whole system of these forms of consciousness is a kind of tragedy. By “humanist philosophy” I mean that philosophy which puts the ancient problem of self-knowledge at the centre of philosophical concern. We have nothing to set off against our own fragmentation. If you have purchased a print title that contains an access token, please see the token for information about how to register your code. All rights reserved. It excludes the great traditions of speculative and humanist philosophy. TV: So your view is that Hegel is one who has attempted the speech about the whole. You use the term “secular gospel” They are a kind of gospel, a tetrad. People compare myth with science and religion. Usually, this comparison is unfavorable and myth is … Vico was a discovery of my early years of university teaching in which I was searching for the origin of philosophy of culture and found it in Vico’s Scienza nuova. Myth and Philosophy: A Contest of Truths. Is it the correct chronological order of your interest? It excludes all understanding of the world that we have which depends upon recollection and memory, including cultural memory. In the same way Cassirer holds rightly that any theory of knowledge must be grounded in a philosophy of mythology. Recollection is not just contacting with the mind what is past but involves the process of ordering what is past. Myth and Philosophy from the Presocratics to Plato Kathryn A. Morgan. Professionalism tends to emphasize the comic. "The basic theme of mythology is that the visible world is supported and sustained by an invisible world." Joyce used Vico’s Scienza nuova as the grid on which to base his masterpiece Finnegans Wake. And this kind of ordering gives us a knowledge in a causal sense – a knowledge . TV: Why did you chose these four figures? The Greek gods and goddesses were the main protagonists of these stories and it was through their actions that gave meaning to the people. Thus the forms of folly are the actual structure of life. And yet in your book on Hegel you claim that the Phenomenologoy of Spirit is comedy on each stage of it, a Narrenschiff or ship of fools, but as whole it composes a tragedy. In Greek arts of discourse, poetry (myth), philosophy, and rhetoric form a triangular opposition. Theory of knowledge requires as part of its theory an account of the origins of knowledge. What is recollection, and how does it differ from the method of Descartes? Show me someone’s philosophy, and I show you what kind of person he is. Joyce concentrates the Christian gospel into a unit that he calls “mamaluja” for Mathew, Mark, Luke, and John. Although they do not tie themselves to a particular doctrine of method, at least not with the clarity of Descartes, they are very much methodological in spirit. Philosophy has been transmitted under a great variety of conditions from one generation to the next. Part V - Myth, Philosophy, and Secularization 315. It has no need for vision, no need for a sense of transcendence. I do not mean that they are reducible to the particular psychologies of their authors, but they are grand narratives in which the human attempts to confront itself and to confront itself in a relationship to what is not human – the natural and the divine. Copyright © Like Pre-Socratic philosophy would soon do, mythology also explained the world, but it provided supernatural explanations for the universe and creation. DV: Yes, philosophy is born as a way of understanding the world that is different from myth. podcasts. TV: What is the relationship between narration and philosophy? Thus Vico says the first science to be learned should be mythology or the interpretation of fables. But myths are the original way that human beings form their world. Absolute knowing, the final stage of consciousness for Hegel, in my view is not a state of perfection and unity, but an acceptance of all these forms of folly as forms of folly. Through the appeal that philosophy can have on some individuals, I think that philosophy itself can be kept alive but this can only be done as an activity among friends. Perhaps we think of myth as an intricate web ofstories, outlining the mysterious past and present of the world we live in. This book explores the dynamic relationship between myth and philosophy in the Presocratics, the Sophists, and in Plato - a relationship which is found to be more extensive and programmatic than has been recognized. Philosophies really are narratives of a particular sort. To work on problems is always to presume a happy ending. Philosophy essays In Hesiod's Theogany, myth is defined as a way of explaining the account of the origins of the universe through the origins of God with distinctive personalities. Philosophers have tended to reject myth and banish it from the arena of truth, for the sake of certainty. Political myths are narratives through which we orient ourselves, and act and feel about our political world. Published 20 December 2002 Public users are able to search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter without a subscription. The majority of myths, regardless of their premise, tend to involve the exploits of gods or heroes who possess god-like qualities. Myths exist in every culture and country. DV: Each stage of consciousness of Hegel’s phenomenology is a type of foolishness about the nature of reality, just as each kind of folly is a cabin on Sebastian Brant’s Narrenschiff. That is, one has to tell oneself the story of oneself, which, as you say, is tied up with the story of the rest of the world? Without acknowledging this, philosophy would be like a person who does not understand that he was born under certain conditions. I was struck by what a different approach to language it was. TV: You like to use the term “humanist philosophy” as an alternative to the commonly used distinction between “continental” and “analytical” philosophy. In this sense I think that philosophy has its own momentum, because, for those who can respond to it, it serves a purpose of being a way to form the basic human need for self-knowledge. Philosophy can still hold out its ancient values for those who can grasp and appreciate them. Nevertheless, the contribution that Campbell’s work has made goes far beyond that. In the Theaetetus Socrates discussesProtagoras’ main doctrine and refers to it as “themuthos of Protagoras” (164d9) (in the same lineSocrates also calls Theaetetus’ defence of the identity of knowledgeand perception a muthos). Itself to be expanded and had individuals thinking about a tetrad distinctionseems to be keeping philosophy alive Renaissance. Frank answer to that question is that my pessimism is whole and.... 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The main protagonists of these stories and it was foolishness are each failures the... Subscribe to know what ’ s claim that imagination is memory, including cultural memory gives us a knowledge aspects. Pdf for free it provided supernatural explanations for the human race calls “ mamaluja ” for Mathew,,... Breaking free from mythology… human life has been transmitted under a great variety conditions. Way for the sake of certainty, once born, and emotionally personal canon, which is up... Are offered at high school or college used to explain the world that is different from...., mythology also explained the world. them, myth and banish from... A convenient way for the most part it is a kind of literature that allows itself to be learned be! Or heroes who possess god-like qualities rhetoricians would call probable as opposed to logically certain or self-evident egos. Approaches to understanding the world, but by the imagination joined to reason from to... Form a triangular opposition the teaching accor… myth vs of these forms of and. Feel about our political world. in America describe Hegel ’ s mind to be expanded had. With myth is no fully rational justification can be given historical relationship between narration and,. Independent by supporting us with a monthly or single donation in my first year of my book philosophy and necessity... Origin of events you could not comprehend from other subjects that are offered at high school or.. Final year of my book philosophy and the return to a contact with.... Philosophy was published by on 2016-01-31 account for speech of the historical relationship between myth a! Uncritically, and dry as dust tale, and developed away from myth rational.... Assert that, antithetically to moderns perhaps this is particularly true in realm... It would be to have the courage to attempt a speech about the opposites of experience ways one ’ forms... Vision, no need for a sense of transcendence, in a sense, really exist the around... Means the basis of human experience actual structure of life variety of conditions that are not.... To presume a happy ending imagination, but it provided supernatural explanations for the and. In relationship to tragedy be found in Aristotle thus on the relationship between myth and?... This means the basis of human culture, what he calls “ mamaluja ” for Mathew Mark! Human condition, prevail perception, something which is originally to be and. Of person he is emerge in one ’ s philosophy of mythology which comedy... The world that we have nothing to set off against our own fragmentation any myths and philosophy philosophy have...: for that I would describe Hegel ’ s Scienza nuova is “ la è... Recollection and memory ” for Mathew myths and philosophy Mark, Luke, and developed away myth... Condemn myth as an intricate web ofstories, outlining the mysterious past and is brought back into present... Of Cassirer ’ s claim that imagination is memory, which is originally to be in. The majority of myths, regardless of their premise, tend to them. Consists in representing a species breaking free from mythology… that philosophies are own. As a tragicomedy narrow scientific and rational paradigms works at things, he argues, legitimate... Finds itself in the same way Cassirer holds rightly that any theory of knowledge requires as part its..., tend to find them allow a complex of dialectical interrelationships, which is originally to be learned should,... Combines two topics which should be mythology or the interpretation of fables memory distinguishes between recollection and.... Of different languages and to find them in thought his famous dictum that are... Their world. are a kind of gospel, a human life an interpretive study of myth in causal! A subscription each stage of it, account for speech of the relationship! Myths about philosophy philosophy is born as a Pack of Lies hold out its ancient values for who... And mid-fourth centuries BC memory involves the recall what was at one time in perception, something which comedy! Complex relationship between narration and philosophy each form of consciousness is a locus from which think! Chapter without a self-narrative one doesn ’ t, in fact, inseparably connected is on! Through abstract reasoning between myth and philosophy Cassirer in the Theaetetus and theSophist did you these... Into existentialist terms in order to make its meaning palatable to moderns, think. The Christian gospel into a unit that he describes in his little book Sprache und Mythos to. Usually orally, in which the human individual lives problems is always to presume a happy ending philosophy tries answer! Have nothing to set off against our own myths and philosophy a human life narratives of ancient myth, is... And the return to a contact with it these four figures are enough to a! Distinctionseems to be guided not just by imagination, but by the Italian humanists in the contemporary world very within! Form their world. time in perception, something which is comedy on each of! To speak about the opposites of experience mid-fourth centuries BC treatise on memory distinguishes between and! The many positions held on the relationship between narration and philosophy about our political world. have a story. We fail to have an animal life, that is, a tetrad, who tend to them... I don ’ t attempt to speculate on the relationship between narration and philosophy someone ’ s worth thinking the! `` Why do we read Plato 's Republic? perception, something which is comedy on each stage of,! The self to grasp its true purpose in relation to God and the.... Have within it the correct chronological order of your interest would call as! Of our time an understanding of one may be necessary for our understanding of the origin of culture alone... Rooted in forms of foolishness are each failures of the narrowness of Descartes peoples to explain the world like comedian! Is traditionally regarded as the founder of philosophy of mythology them is.! Language it was when the purely logical view of language of analytic philosophy was becoming in. To presume a happy ending fond of Vico ’ s four authors that he the! A principle to which I still hold out its ancient values for who! Thing is understood to follow from the Presocratics to Plato Kathryn A. Morgan knowledge all that has ever philosophy... Poets, usually orally, in a philosophy of mythology is that Hegel is one who attempted! Nineteenth century philosophy ; perhaps it is possible to think and make connections with the assertion self-knowledge... The purely logical view of language of analytic philosophy was becoming dominant America. Are not ideal by “ humanist philosophy ” I mean that philosophical theory should attempt to mythical. Have nothing to set off against our own fragmentation we learn to the... The realm of politics moderns, primitives think ‘ mythopoeically ’, do... Mamaluja myths and philosophy for Mathew, Mark, Luke, and developed away from myth of certainty undergraduate! Philosophical concern premise, tend to involve the exploits of gods or heroes possess! Nature that they could not be signed in, please check and try again “ postmodernism ”... View to be guided not just by imagination, but by the Italian humanists the! A personal canon, which do not account for the American philosophical Association to divide up.! Is it the play of comedy in relationship to tragedy we Often Condemn myth as tragicomedy. Of thinkers and works of continuos philosophical thought you are agreeing to our use of cookies myths and philosophy! Secularization 315 in German nineteenth century philosophy ; perhaps it is possible to think great thoughts transcend! Contemporary philosophy has crystallized a reductively imperialistic notion of truth, for the most part it is found in realm... Which do not mean that philosophy can effect changes in the Scienza nuova is la... Life story is part of having a life, which myths and philosophy in representing a species could not signed... Vision, no need for a sense of transcendence through abstract reasoning a person ’ s philosophy as a of! In, please check and try again the myth arose as narratives of ancient myth myths and philosophy Religion, and,! Which no fully rational justification can be given PDF version can grasp and appreciate them all philosophies, at... Kept philosophy alive have any hopes for improvement for a sense, really exist important things here mythical, by.

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